What are Xanthomas?
Xanthomas are yellowish deposits of fat (lipids) that accumulate in the skin, tendons, or other tissues. They are usually a sign of an underlying problem with fat (cholesterol or triglyceride) metabolism, although they can also occur in people with normal lipid levels. Xanthomas are generally harmless themselves but may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or other medical conditions.
Xanthomas are not contagious.
Common Types
* Xanthelasma – Soft yellow plaques around the eyelids
* Eruptive Xanthomas – Small yellow-red bumps that appear suddenly, often associated with very high triglyceride levels
* Tuberous Xanthomas – Firm yellow or orange nodules over pressure areas such as the elbows and knees
* Tendinous Xanthomas – Firm nodules attached to tendons, commonly the Achilles tendon and tendons of the hands
* Plane Xanthomas – Flat yellow patches that may occur on the face, neck, palms, or body
Common Causes
Xanthomas may develop due to:
* High cholesterol levels
* High triglyceride levels
* Familial (inherited) lipid disorders
* Diabetes mellitus
* Hypothyroidism
* Liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis
* Certain medications
* Rare metabolic disorders
Symptoms
* Yellow, orange, or skin-colored bumps or plaques
* Soft or firm skin lesions
* Usually painless
* May increase in size over time
* Cosmetic concerns, especially when present on the face or eyelids
Commonly Affected Areas
* Eyelids
* Elbows
* Knees
* Hands
* Achilles tendon
* Buttocks
* Palms
* Tendons throughout the body
Who is at Risk?
* People with high cholesterol or triglycerides
* Individuals with inherited lipid disorders
* People with diabetes
* Individuals with thyroid or liver disorders
* Those with a family history of lipid abnormalities
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually made through a clinical examination by a dermatologist. Blood tests, including a lipid profile, may be recommended to evaluate cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Additional investigations may be performed to identify any underlying medical condition.
Prevention
* Maintain healthy cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
* Eat a balanced, heart-healthy diet.
* Exercise regularly.
* Maintain a healthy body weight.
* Avoid smoking.
* Attend regular health check-ups, especially if you have a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease.
When to See a Dermatologist
Consult a dermatologist if you notice new yellowish skin lesions, rapidly increasing bumps, or cosmetic concerns. Medical evaluation is also recommended if xanthomas develop suddenly or are associated with high cholesterol, diabetes, or other underlying health conditions, as they may indicate a need for further assessment.
